Syncretic discourse markers in Kichwa-influenced Spanish: Transfer vs. emergence

• The study examines –ca and –tan in the Spanish of Kichwa-dominant bilinguals.
• A corpus of Ecuadoran Spanish produced by Kichwa-dominant bilinguals is analyzed.
• The affix –ca behaves in a manner similar to the Kichwa topicalizer –ka.
• The affix –tan combines Spanish tambien ‘also’ and the Kichwa validator –mi.
• Spanish-to-Kichwa translation is consistent with emergent topic-comment marking.

In the Andean highlands of South America, the predominant indigenous language, Quechua, frequently produces phonetic and morphosyntactic effects on regional varieties of Spanish. Popular accounts of Quechua-influenced Spanish depict a picturesque jumble of mismatched vowels and erratic morphological agreement, while linguistic descriptions have concentrated on double possessives, O-V word order, and the overuse of gerunds. The underlying assumption is that Quechua-dominant bilinguals inconsistently mix Quechua-like configurations into their imperfectly acquired Spanish, while fluent Andean Spanish retains only slight traces of language contact. The present study draws on data from northern Ecuador, where Quechua-dominant bilinguals exhibit the beginnings of a hybrid morphological system based on two discourse markers that reflect the realities of both Spanish and Quechua: –ca (derived from the Quechua topicalizer -ka), and –tan (apparently derived from Spanish también ‘also’). An analysis of the Ecuadoran data reveals that –ca in Quechua-influenced Spanish often signals topic (assumed information) much as in Quechua. It is also postulated that –ca has its origin in non-fluent bilinguals’ incomplete suppression of Kichwa grammar when producing Spanish. The Ecuadoran data also suggest that -tan has developed into a syncretic marker combining reflexes of Kichwa –pash ‘also, even’ and the validator –mi, variably indicating focus and/or evidentiality as well as embodying innovative characteristics not directly derivable from Quechua sources. Data from a (Quechua-influenced) Spanish-to-Quechua translation task are used to further explore possible Kichwa sources for –ca and -tan.