Diachronic changes in negative expressions: The case of French

• French negative expressions underwent changes in features and distribution.
• The French changes are not related to the disappearance of bare NPs.
• Change involves going from negative quantifier to n-word to PI or conversely.
• Change involves competition between (variants of) lexical items.
• There is no privileged direction of change: features may be gained or lost.

Diachronic changes in the distribution of French negative expressions are studied, concentrating on the period covering Old and Middle French (9th c. to 16th c.). An account is provided for the evolution in the distribution of the Old French n-initial negative expressions (negun, nuns, nesun, nient, nului), as well as for the emergence of Modern French negative expressions (personne, rien, aucun). It is shown that there is no priviledged direction of change: in the evolution from Latin to Modern French, some expressions became less negative over time, while others became more negative over time. It is argued that these diachronic changes result from the emergence of variants of lexical items with different feature specifications, followed by grammar competition between these new variants and existing variants, or other lexical items. It is argued that two features are involved in the changes: (1) a semantic feature responsible for the interpretation of an expression as a polarity item, and (2) a morphosyntactic feature responsible for the n-word behavior of an expression.