Fact-type complements in Gbe and the Surinamese Creoles

Although several researchers have suggested that fact-type complementation in the Surinamese Creoles is modeled on that of their main input languages, the Gbe languages, we still lack precise information on the extent of the similarities and differences. In this paper we provide a broad comparison of fact-type complementation in these two language groups and suggest an explanation for the similarities we find. We explore the syntax and semantics of the complementizers used in both language groups, the kinds of complement-taking predicator (CTP) that select these complements and their syntax and semantics. The analysis reveals close structural and functional similarities between the two language groups suggesting that fact-type complementation in the Surinamese Creoles was largely modeled on that of Gbe.

► We compare fact-type complements introduced by say in the Creoles of Suriname and Gbe.
► We argue that Gbe languages influenced the grammar of creole complements.
► We reject the view that internal grammaticalization led to creole say complementizers.
► We argue that say-complementizers emerged via processes of imposition (van Coetsem).