The impact of production fragmentation on skill upgrading: New evidence from Japanese manufacturing

This paper examines the hypothesis that industries engaged in international fragmentation of production experience greater skill upgrading using a panel data set of Japanese manufacturing over the period 1980-2000. The novelty of the study comes from the use of a newly constructed index using trade data on parts and components to measure intra-industry variations in the degree of international vertical specialisation (fragmentation intensity of trade). It also employs a methodology designed to embody peculiarities of Japan's fragmentation trade pattern. While the findings of existing studies are inconclusive, it is found that the expansion of fragmentation trade with developing East Asian countries has had a significant impact on the skills composition of Japanese manufacturing employment. At the same time, fragmentation trade with high income countries has had a skill downgrading effect. J. Japanese Int. Economies 22 (4) (2008) 545-565.