Approximate symbol error probability evaluation of M-ary pulse amplitude modulation with imperfect carrier recovery

In this letter, we propose an approximate symbol error probability (SEP) of M-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) under a noisy carrier phase in a closed form when the carrier phase is governed by Tikhonov probability density function. The approximate results are desirable to evaluate the behavior of the system. The accuracy of the approximation is verified with respect to the numerical integration.