How Amsterdam got fiat money

A fiat money system was introduced in the seventeenth century by a prominent public bank of the time, the Bank of Amsterdam. Employing data from the bank׳s archives, we show that bank money became a more attractive transactions medium following a 1683 policy change, which unbundled the bank׳s account balances from a right to redeem these balances in coin. Balances not matched by a redemption right became fiat. This change also stabilized the value of bank money as a unit of account, freed the bank from defensive open market operations, and promoted seigniorage collection.