Divided we reform? Evidence from US welfare policies *

• Divided government is often thought of as causing legislative deadlock.
• This paper uses data on US welfare reforms at the US state level to test this view.
• Divided governments are 25% more likely to reform than unified governments.
• Several robustness checks confirm this counter-intuitive finding.
• Case study evidence suggests an explanation based on policy competition.

Divided government is often thought of as causing legislative deadlock. I investigate the link between divided government and economic reforms using a novel data set on welfare reforms in US states between 1978 and 2010. Panel data regressions show that, under divided government, a US state is around 25% more likely to adopt a welfare reform than under unified government. Several robustness checks confirm this counter-intuitive finding. Case study evidence suggests an explanation based on policy competition between governor, senate, and house.