Microbiological quality of Italian beach sands

The paper deals with the potential sanitary risk of the human presence on the seaside. The levels of microbial contamination of beach sands are generally higher than those observed in the waters due to bioaccumulation phenomena. The diseases, which could be contracted through skin contact, are related to the potential infecting dose and the most widespread illnesses are a consequence of several species of fungi and bacteria inhabiting the coastline. Despite few studies have been performed to determine Guideline Values, preventive measures and health risk assessments should be considered.