The Legal Overview on Falsification, Fraud and Forgery

Falsification of documents, forgery, and fraud are categorized as white colour crime offences. To establish successful prosecution and civil claim, the prosecutor and claimant must prove the intention and conduct of the accused person and the presumption of intention that fall under respective statutory provision. However, the applicability of evidential standards are different particularly in civil action even though this conduct is an offence under Penal Code. This paper examines the elements, contradictions and proposes a reform to standardizing the evidential aspect in criminal and civil claim based on reported case law.