
The uremic solute indoxyl sulfate acts as an antioxidant against superoxide anion radicals under normal-physiological conditions
Keywords: IS; indoxyl sulfate; X; xanthine; XO; xanthine oxidase; O2-; superoxide anion radicals; OH; hydroxyl radicals; CKD; chronic kidney diseases; EPR; electron paramagnetic resonance; EMPO; 2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-1-oxide; EMPO-OOH; EM