Protective effects of (-)-epicatechin and the colonic metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid against glucotoxicity-induced insulin signalling blockade and altered glucose uptake and production in renal tubular NRK-52E cells
Keywords: Colonic-derived flavonoid metabolites; Epicatechin; Glucose homeostasis; Glucotoxicity; Insulin signalling pathway; NRK-52E cells; AKT/PKB; protein kinase B; AMPK; 5â²-AMP-activated protein kinase; DHBA; 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; DHPAA; 3,4-dihydroxyphe