TNF-α and endotoxin increase hypoxia-induced VEGF production by cultured human nasal fibroblasts in synergistic fashion

VEGF is locally produced in paranasal sinuses as well as nasal mucosa and its production is increased in patients with CPS. Hypoxia is associated with the production of VEGF by nasal fibroblasts and TNF-α and endotoxin may act synergistically to enhance VEGF production in paranasal sinuses under hypoxic condition.