Evolving approaches to volcanic tourism crisis management: An investigation of long-term recovery models at Toya-Usu Geopark

This study presents an operational example of Toya-Usu's recovery strategy from a volcanic eruption in 2000, focussing particularly on the geopark movement which symbolizes the long-term recovery. Findings showed that Toya's millennial response differed significantly from the 1977 eruption, as a cross-section of local residents, tourism operators and officials utilized social capital to create new networks such as the Toya-Usu Volcano Meister, and new management approaches have preserved parts of the debris as disaster ‘heritage’.