Urban self-sufficiency through optimised ecosystem service demand. A utopian perspective from European cities

• Demand indicators for eight essential urban ecosystem services are proposed.
• Average UES demand values in European cities are provided.
• The most exigent urban ecosystem service demand values in Europe are identified.
• Utopian values for an optimised UES demand by the year 2050 are proposed.
• Urban living, planning and management implications are discussed.

Most cities are not self-sufficient in terms of supply and demand of urban ecosystem services (UES) which creates important social, economic and environmental problems at different scales. Cities have enormous potential to reduce pressures on the environment while enhancing wellbeing for their inhabitants by acting both on the UES supply and demand sides. In this study we focus on the demand side by exploring the feasibility of self-sufficient cities under an environmentally radical, utopian scenario that implies the optimisation of UES demand by individuals, i.e. the minimum possible consumption of provisioning UES, a reduced need for regulating UES and the adequate fulfilment of cultural UES demand for a reasonable human wellbeing. Definitions of optimal demand are provided for a set of essential UES by 2050: food supply, freshwater supply, urban cooling, air purification, carbon sequestration, flood prevention, physical recreation and mental recreation. Operational UES demand indicators are identified for these UES. Based on these, we show the current average ecosystem service demand values in European cities, the current most exigent demand values and propose optimised future demand values. These utopian values intend to serve as benchmarks towards optimised UES demand that will make cities more self-sufficient.