Treatment of nutcracker syndrome with open and endovascular interventions

Open surgery, mostly LRV transposition, remains a safe and effective treatment of patients with NS. However, one of three patients after open repair required reintervention, most frequently LRV stenting. Open reconstruction should be tailored to the patient's anatomy, and placement of vein cuff or patch may reduce restenosis. Although renal vein stents improved patency, the safety and durability of currently available stents need to be established.