Spatial distribution prediction and benefits assessment of green manure in the Pinggu District, Beijing, based on the CLUE-S model

Green manure use in China has declined rapidly since the 1980s with the extensive use of chemical fertilizers. The deterioration of field environments and the demand for green agricultural products have resulted in more attention to green manure. Human intervention and policy-oriented behaviors likely have large impacts on promoting green manure planting. However, little information is available regarding on where, at what rates, and in which ways (i.e., intercropping green manure in orchards or rotating green manure in cropland) to develop green manure and what benefits could be gained by incorporating green manure in fields at the county scale. This paper presents the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent (CLUE-S) model, which is specifically developed for the simulation of land use changes originally, to predict spatial distribution of green manure in cropland and orchards in 2020 in Pinggu District located in Beijing, China. Four types of land use for planting or not planting green manure were classified and the future land use dynamics (mainly croplands and orchards) were considered in the prediction. Two scenarios were used to predict the spatial distribution of green manure based on data from 2011: The promotion of green manure planting in orchards (scenario 1) and the promotion of simultaneous green manure planting in orchards and croplands (scenario 2). The predictions were generally accurate based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kappa indices, which validated the effectiveness of the CLUE-S model in the prediction. In addition, the spatial distribution of the green manure was acquired, which indicated that green manure mainly located in the orchards of the middle and southern regions of Dahuashan, the western and southern regions of Wangxinzhuang, the middle region of Shandongzhuang, the eastern region of Pinggu and the middle region of Xiagezhuang under scenario 1. Green manure planting under scenario 2 occurred in orchards in the middle region of Wangxinzhuang, and croplands in most regions of Daxingzhuang, southern Pinggu, northern Xiagezhuang and most of Mafang. The spatially explicit results allowed for the assessment of the benefits of these changes based on different economic and ecological indicators. The economic and ecological gains of scenarios 1 and 2 were 175 691 900 and 143 000 300 CNY, respectively, which indicated that the first scenario was more beneficial for promoting the same area of green manure. These results can facilitate policies of promoting green manure and guide the extensive use of green manure in local agricultural production in suitable ways.