A tough, precision-porous hydrogel scaffold: Ophthalmologic applications

Appropriate mechanical properties and highly interconnected porosity are important properties for tissue engineering scaffolds. However, most existing hydrogel scaffolds suffer from poor mechanical properties limiting their application. Furthermore, it is relatively infrequent that precision control is achieved over pore size and structure of the scaffold because there are relatively few current technologies that allow such control and there is not a general appreciation that such control is important. To address these shortcomings, by combining double network polymerization and sphere-templating fabrication techniques, we developed a tough, intelligent scaffold based on poly(acrylic acid) and poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) with a controllable, uniform, and interconnected porous structure. A mechanical assessment showed the toughness of the hydrogel and scaffold to be up to ∼1.4 × 107 Jm−3 and ∼1.5 × 106 Jm−3 respectively, as compared with 104−105 Jm−3 for most synthetic hydrogels. The thermosensitivity and pH-sensitivity were explored in a swelling study. In vitro testing demonstrated the scaffold matrices supported NIH-3T3 cell adhesion, proliferation and infiltration. An in vivo rabbit study showed the scaffolds promote strong cellular integration by allowing cells to migrate into the porous structure from the surrounding tissues. These data suggest that the poly(acrylic acid)/poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-based scaffold could be an attractive candidate for tissue engineering.