Civic open data at a crossroads: Dominant models and current challenges

• We define four models of open data; data over the wall, code exchange, civic issue tracker, and participatory open data.
• We define challenges for the delivery of open data; conflicting motivations, the shifting role of government, and the fragility of ‘mission accomplished’.
• We propose that open data be framed as more than provision, but rather as way for government to interact with citizens.

As open data becomes more widely provided by government, it is important to ask questions about the future possibilities and forms that government open data may take. We present four models of open data as they relate to changing relations between citizens and government. These models include; a status quo ‘data over the wall’ form of government data publishing, a form of ‘code exchange’, with government acting as an open data activist, open data as a civic issue tracker, and participatory open data. These models represent multiple end points that can be currently viewed from the unfolding landscape of government open data. We position open data at a crossroads, with significant concerns of the conflicting motivations driving open data, the shifting role of government as a service provider, and the fragile nature of open data within the government space. We emphasize that the future of open data will be driven by the negotiation of the ethical-economic tension that exists between provisioning governments, citizens, and private sector data users.