Global localization of 3D anatomical structures by pre-filtered Hough Forests and discrete optimization

► Automatic localization of landmarks in complex, repetitive anatomical structures. ► Random Forest classifiers for every landmark as a pre-filtering stage. ► Hough regression model for refining the landmark candidate positions. ► Parts-based model of global landmark topology to select the final landmark positions. ► Results on three challenging data sets, median residuals of 0.80 mm, 1.19 mm, 2.71 mm.