The impacts of congestion on time-definitive urban freight distribution networks CO2 emission levels: Results from a case study in Portland, Oregon

► We model CO2 emissions for different levels of congestion and customer demands. ► Real world data and time-dependent vehicle routing algorithms are utilized. ► Congestion or speed limits have significant impacts commercial vehicle CO2 emissions. ► Total route distance or duration increases does not necessarily lower total CO2 emission levels. ► Policies that regulate depot locations or travel speeds must be carefully studied.