Errors of memory in air traffic control

Memory is a critical factor in determining the effectiveness of the air traffic controller's mental 'picture' or situation awareness. The aim of this research was to investigate the types of errors that occur in air traffic control (ATC). This paper reviews examples of 'errors' of memory from applied work in ATC. These data were gathered from interviews with 28 UK air traffic controllers and a review of incidents involving loss of separation in the UK spanning 3 years. The data gave rise to a set of classifications, which form part of the technique for the retrospective and predictive analysis of cognitive error in ATC (TRACEr). The results are discussed in terms of theory and empirical research, as well as three prototype controller tools. Future ATM concepts and tools should be analysed using human error analysis methods to ensure that potential memory lapses and their contextual influences are understood.