Estimating dynamic external hand forces during manual materials handling based on ground reaction forces and body segment accelerations

Root-mean-square difference (RMSD) between estimated and measured hand forces ranged from 11 to 27 N. When ignoring the segment accelerations (just subtracting body weight from the GRFs), the hand force estimation errors were much higher, with RMSDs ranging from 21 to 101 N. Future studies should verify the performance of the proposed hand force estimation method when using an ambulatory field measurement system.