Coordination of gaze, facial expressions and vocalizations of early infant communication with mother and father

► We observed 4-month-olds' emotional communication during infant-mother and infant-father face-to-face interactions. ► Young infants are already able to coordinate vocalizations with smiles and gaze during the interaction with their parents. ► Infants show more smiles and gaze longer during infant-mother interaction as compared to the infant-father interaction. ► Infants coordinate vocalizations with smiles and gaze similarly during infant-mother interaction and infant-father interaction.