Charting the functional relevance of Broca's area for visual word recognition and picture naming in Dutch using fMRI-guided TMS

► We compared word reading and picture naming using chronometric TMS at Broca's area. ► Broca's area is necessary for reading and picture naming in Dutch at 225-300 ms. ► No earlier TMS effect for words, contradicting previous MEG findings in English. ► There may be differences in the role of Broca's area for Dutch and English readers.