کد مقاله | کد نشریه | سال انتشار | مقاله انگلیسی | نسخه تمام متن |
---|---|---|---|---|
10487730 | 936345 | 2005 | 24 صفحه PDF | دانلود رایگان |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله ISI
The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies
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موضوعات مرتبط
مهندسی و علوم پایه
مهندسی انرژی
مهندسی انرژی و فناوری های برق
پیش نمایش صفحه اول مقاله
![عکس صفحه اول مقاله: The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies The rise and fall of German hard coal subsidies](/preview/png/10487730.png)
چکیده انگلیسی
Beginning with the coal crisis of 1958, the survival of the German hard coal mining sector has been heavily dependent on subsidies for several decades. These subsidies are a complex system of almost 60 different measures often with conflicting objectives. Annual financial support for this subsidy system grew from â¬0.6 billion in 1958 to â¬7.5 billion in 1989 with the majority of the funding financed outside the public budget by a special fund based on the “coal penny” (Kohlepfennig). In 1995, the abolishment of the “coal penny”, in connection with budget constraints, led to a significant subsidy decrease to â¬3.5 billion. A recent agreement between the Federal government and the mining state of North-Rhine Westphalia in 2003, however, seems to have fixed German hard coal subsidies at the â¬2 billion level for the time after 2012.
ناشر
Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: Energy Policy - Volume 33, Issue 11, July 2005, Pages 1469-1492
Journal: Energy Policy - Volume 33, Issue 11, July 2005, Pages 1469-1492
نویسندگان
Karl Storchmann,