Quantitative assay of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity in mammalian cell extracts

Senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity is a widely used biomarker for assessing replicative senescence in mammalian cells. This enzymatic activity has generally been measured by staining cells with the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (X-gal) at pH 6.0, a reaction condition that suppresses lysosomal β-galactosidase activity sufficiently to ensure that most nonsenescent cells will appear unstained. This article describes a quantitative method for measuring this activity and characterizes the method using extracts from senescent, quiescent, and presenescent human fibroblasts. The assay is capable of detecting relatively subtle changes in activity and confirms previous indications based on staining that confluency and contact inhibition of growth can cause a small increase in the expression of this biomarker. Investigation of the pH dependence of the activity in the cell extracts suggests that the senescent phenotype is correlated with an increase in total β-galactosidase rather than with a shift in the pH optimum of the enzyme. This assay for measuring senescence-associated changes in β-galactosidase is suitable for mechanistic studies of senescence regulation in which graduated changes in biomarker expression may be anticipated.