A study of Roman glass from Mala Barutana/Belgrade Fortress irradiated with pulsed CO2, Nd:YAG and ruby laser - Comparison

► Irradiation of Roman glass by CO2, Nd:YAG and ruby laser in air. ► Higher energy densitites (~ 20 J/cm2) suitable for chemical analysis of the samples. ► Lower energy densities (~ 5 J/cm2) convenient for cleaning and restoration purposes. ► Calculated surface temperatures indicate CO2 laser optimal for cleaning (~ 2 J/cm2).