Quantifying the influence of residential water appliance efficiency on average day diurnal demand patterns at an end use level: A precursor to optimised water service infrastructure planning

Residential water consumption reductions resulting from water efficiency measures has received much research attention in recent years; however, research into the contribution of such measures in reducing hourly water demand and subsequent benefits to urban water service infrastructure efficiency is still in its infancy. In an attempt to address this issue, this study examined the degree of influence that differing water stock (e.g. taps, shower heads, clothes washers) efficiency in 191 households, participating in an Australian smart metering study, had on average day (AD) diurnal consumption patterns. Sub-sample clusters used for analysis were formed by a weighted household water stock efficiency star rating classification method. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in AD peak hour water consumption in households with stock of a higher composite star rating. Paired comparison between households with a composite efficiency rating greater than or equal to (≥) three stars and those of a composite rating less than (<) three stars showed a reduction in AD morning and evening peak hour consumption of 1.9 L/p/h/d (15.35%) and 1.55 L/p/h/d (16.64%), respectively. The paper concludes with a discussion on pipe network modelling and capital infrastructure efficiency implications derived from a better understanding of the likely reductions in AD peak hour water demand, due to residential water stock efficiency measures.

► Smart water metering and end use analysis revealed determinants of hourly water use.
► Water efficient households reduced average day peak hour demand by 15%.
► Water efficiency strategies also derive water service infrastructure design benefits.