Three-dimensional simulating of concentrator photovoltaic modules using ray trace and equivalent circuit simulators

► We developed a total 3D simulator for CPV modules composed of optical system and InGaP/InGaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell. ► By calculating the 3D simulator, Pm was not correlated with optical efficiency and Isc, and was strongly dependent on FF. ► We can use this total 3D simulator for the evaluation and optimization of CPV modules. ► This technique is effective for the development of the high-efficiency CPV modules.