Hierarchical microstructure of explosive joints: Example of titanium to steel cladding

▶ The cladding interface consists of four hierarchical levels. ▶ FeTi and Fe9.64Ti0.36 inclusions form at wave crest due to partial melting. ▶ Intermetallic inclusions are surrounded by the heat affected zone of parent steel. ▶ Thin reaction layer along the interface ensures good macroscopic bonding of the joints.