Evaporated metal aluminium and calcium removal from directionally solidified silicon for solar cell by electron beam candle melting

► A new method for removal of Al and Ca in molten Si is proposed and discussed. ► It combines the characteristics of EBM and high vapor pressures of Al and Ca. ► It can be used to further reduce Al and Ca by directly melting Si ingots. ► A molten pool with maximum surface and minimum depth is good to remove Al and Ca.