Mechanisms of change associated with technology-based interventions for substance use

• Technology-based interventions (TBIs) for substance use disorders have been increasing steadily.
• The mechanisms by which TBIs produce change in substance use outcomes have not been reviewed.
• This article is the first review of the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of the mechanisms associated with TBIs for substance use disorders.
• We discuss unique challenges and opportunities afforded by technology that can advance theory, method, and clinical practice.

BackgroundTechnology-based interventions (TBIs) for substance use disorders have been increasing steadily. The mechanisms by which TBIs produce change in substance use outcomes have not been reviewed. This article is the first review of the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of the mechanisms associated with TBIs for substance use disorders.MethodsWe review the literature on potential mechanisms associated with TBIs targeting tobacco, alcohol, and poly-substance use. We did not identify TBIs targeting other drug classes and that assessed mechanisms.ResultsResearch suggests that TBIs impact outcomes via similar potential mechanisms as in non-TBIs (e.g., in-person treatment), with the exception of substance use outcomes being associated with changes in the quality of coping skills. The most frequent potential mechanisms detected were self-efficacy for tobacco abstinence and perceived peer drinking for alcohol abstinence.ConclusionsResearch on mechanisms associated with TBIs is still in a nascent stage. We provide several recommendations for future work, including broadening the range of mechanisms assessed and increasing the frequency of assessment to detect temporal relations between mechanisms and outcomes. We also discuss unique challenges and opportunities afforded by technology that can advance theory, method, and clinical practice.