Tradable OD-based travel permits for bi-modal traffic management with heterogeneous users

A tradable origin-destination (OD) based travel permits scheme is proposed to manage mobility in a bi-modal transportation network with heterogeneous users in value of time. The travel permits are OD-specific, initially allocated to eligible users by city authority, and then traded in a free market. The optimal permits supply is determined by solving a bi-level programming problem for minimizing the system's total cost. The market-clear conditions are formulated as a complementary problem, which in turn guarantees the modal split equilibrium. Extensions are made to the OD-independent permits, flexible car owning and heterogeneous transit crowding cases.