Who are 'we' in spoken Peninsular Spanish and European Portuguese? Expression and reference of first person plural subject pronouns

► Peninsular Spanish and European Portuguese 1st person plural subjects compared. ► Spanish 1st person plural pronouns rarely expressed (4.5%) and hearer-exclusive. ► Portuguese pronouns are expressed more often (32.2%) and not always exclusive. ► Portuguese a gente is favoured with different verb forms than 1st person plural. ► Factors influencing subject expression depend on language and grammatical person.