Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide as a highly efficient catalyst for direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines using ultrasonic irradiation

• Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (rGO-SO3H) was prepared and fully characterized.
• rGO-SO3H was synthesized by grafting sulfonic acid-containing aryl radical onto rGO.
• rGO-SO3H was applied as a reusable solid acid catalyst for the direct amidation.
• Amidation of carboxylic acids with amines takes place under ultrasonic irradiation.
• Sonochemical amidation afforded high yields of products in short reaction times.

Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO-SO3H) were prepared by grafting sulfonic acid-containing aryl radicals onto chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) under sonochemical conditions. rGO-SO3H catalyst was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). rGO-SO3H catalyst was successfully applied as a reusable solid acid catalyst for the direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines into the corresponding amides under ultrasonic irradiation. The direct sonochemical amidation of carboxylic acid takes place under mild conditions affording in good to high yields (56–95%) the corresponding amides in short reaction times.

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