Synthesis, morphology, and upconversion luminescence of Tm3Â +/Yb3Â + codoped bulk and submicro-rod CaSc2O4 phosphors

The rod-like CaSc2O4: Tm3 +/Yb3 + phosphors were firstly synthesized using the mild solvothermal and annealing technique. The synthesized submicro-rods are uniform in size and shape of which the size is only small with 35 nm in width and 200 nm in length.