Dipolar ruthenium-ammine complexes with 4,4′-bipyridinium ions accessible for both amperometric and colorimetric glucose sensors

Dipolar ruthenium-ammine complexes [Ru(NH3)5(L+)]4+/3+ (L+ = 4,4′-bipyridinium ions) were evaluated as both electron-transfer mediators (amperometric type) and electron-accepting indicators (colorimetric type) for glucose sensors.