Microstructure evaluation of MgO–C refractories with TiO2- and Al-additions

The effect of TiO2- and Al-additions on the oxidation resistance and the mechanical properties of MgO–C refractories is evaluated in terms of a phase evolution as a function of the coking temperature. The formation of TiCN and TiC crystalline phases in the bonding matrix contributes to superior mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of carbon-bonded refractories.