Amorphous oxide film formed by dynamic oxidation during kinetic spraying of titanium at high temperature and its role in subsequent coating formation

 High-resolution observations by electron microscopy have revealed the existence of nanoscale amorphous oxide film along the interfacial regions of kinetically sprayed titanium particles. The oxide was formed as the surface of feedstock particles was dynamically oxidized during the flight of several milliseconds. In spite of the severe plastic deformation associated with the impacts of these particles onto the substrate, as well as onto the previously deposited particles, some portion of the oxide remained, providing a bond between the particles.