Structural characterization of dense reduced BaTiO3 and Ba0.95La0.05TiO3 nanoceramics showing colossal dielectric values

BaTiO3−x and Ba0.95La0.05TiO3−x nanoceramics showing colossal permittivity values have been characterized. While starting powders are of cubic symmetry, X-ray and Neutron Diffraction techniques and Raman Spectroscopy measurements show that the one-step processed ceramics obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) contain cubic and tetragonal phases. Rather large oxygen deficiency determined in such ceramics by Electron Micro Probe analysis and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy analyzes is explained by the presence of Ti3+, as evidenced by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy measurements. Transmission Electron Microscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy show that these ceramics contain 50–300 nm grains, which have single-domains, while grain boundaries are of nanometer scale. Colossal permittivity values measured in our dense nanoceramics are explained by a charge hopping mechanism and an interfacial polarization of a large number of polarons generated after sample reduction in SPS apparatus.