Preparation and performance of intermediate-temperature fuel cells based on Gd-doped ceria electrolytes with different compositions

► Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 electrolyte had less density of oxygen vacancies ordering. ► Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 fuel cell showed better performance than Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95. ► The relationship between microstructures and performance for cells were discussed. ► Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrolyte with higher grain boundary conductivity was concluded.