Formation of single-crystalline rutile TiO2 splitting microspheres for dye-sensitized solar cells

► Growth of rutile splitting microspheres through multistep splitting and attachment. ► Microspheres efficiently scattered light. ► Electrolyte easily diffused in microsphere film. ► High charge collection efficiency in DSC based on microsphere film. ► Improve photovoltaic performance of DSC made from microsphere film.