Challenges and opportunities of nanostructured materials for aprotic rechargeable lithium-air batteries

► The fundamental principles and understanding of the electrochemical reactions in the aprotic lithium-O2 batteries are presented. ► The material's challenges to prevent lithium-O2 battery practical implementation are discussed. ► The electrolyte issues and solutions as well as catalysis to improve charging property for lithium-O2 batteries are highlighted. ► A perspective for the future of rechargeable Li-O2 batteries is provided.