Effect of second phase mobile particles on polycrystalline grain growth: A phase-field approach

► First attempt in phase-field simulation for grain growth with mobile particles. ► Separate variables for each particle were introduced in the evolution equation. ► The kinetic of grain growth affected by the mobile particles. ► Particles-grain boundary interaction affects on the distribution of grain size. ► APT algorithm helps to consider a large number of mobile particles in the system.