Utilizing maleic acid as a novel fuel for synthesis of PbFe12O19 nanoceramics via sol–gel auto-combustion route

• PbFe12O19 nanoceramics were synthesized from Fe(NO3)3 and Pb(NO3)2 via the sol–gel auto combustion method.
• The maleic acid can be instead of common capping agent and fuel in auto-combustion sol–gel.
• The synthesized PbFe12O19 is a hard magnetic material.
• The specific saturation magnetization and coercivity are 27 emu/g and 1900 Oe, respectively.

PbFe12O19 nanostructures were prepared in an aqueous solution by the sol–gel auto-combustion method using Pb(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 as starting materials and various carboxylic acids, including oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid and maleic acid as fuel and reducing and capping agents. The as-synthesized products were characterized by X- ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of carboxylic acid type, Pb+ 2 to carboxylic acid molar ratio, and calcination temperature was investigated on the morphology of the products and several experiments were carried out to obtain the optimal reaction conditions. It was found that the phase and the morphology of the products are influenced by the investigated parameters. Furthermore, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to study the magnetic properties of PbFe12O19 samples.

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