Research on wave forces acting on the unit length of a veritical breakwater by tests and a numerical model*

Comprehensive 3D model tests and numerical simulation were performed to study the effects of wave obliquity and multidirectionality on the wave forces acting on vertical breakwaters. The variation of wave forces acting on the unit length of a breakwater was analyzed, and the results were compared with Goda's formula. A numerical model based on a short-crest wave system was used to model regular wave forces for practical use, which showed good results for those waves with small incident angles.