Robust chaos with variable Lyapunov exponent in smooth one-dimensional maps

We present several new easy ways of generating smooth one-dimensional maps displaying robust chaos, i.e., chaos for whole intervals of the parameter. Unlike what happens with previous methods, the Lyapunov exponent of the maps constructed here varies widely with the parameter. We show that the condition of negative Schwarzian derivative, which was used in previous works, is not a necessary condition for robust chaos. Finally we show that the maps constructed in previous works have always the Lyapunov exponent ln2ln2 because they are conjugated to each other and to the tent map by means of smooth homeomorphisms. In the methods presented here, the maps have variable Lyapunov coefficients because they are conjugated through non-smooth homeomorphisms similar to Minkowski’s question mark function.