Caloric restriction and longevity: Effects of reduced body temperature

Caloric restriction (CR) causes a reduction in body temperature (Tb) which is suggested to contribute to changes that increase lifespan. Moreover, low Tb has been shown to improve health and longevity independent of CR. In this review we examine the connections between CR, Tb and mechanisms that influence longevity and ageing. Recent findings regarding the overlapping mechanisms of CR and Tb that benefit longevity are discussed, including changes in body composition, hormone regulation, and gene expression, as well as reductions in low-level inflammation and reactive oxygen species-induced molecular damage. This information is summarized in a model describing how CR and low Tb, both synergistically and independently, increase lifespan. Moreover, the nascent notion that the rate of ageing may be pre-programmed in response to environmental influences at critical periods of early development is also considered. Based on current evidence, it is concluded that low Tb plays an integral role in mediating the effects of CR on health and longevity, and that low Tb may exert independent biological changes that increase lifespan. Our understanding of the overlap between CR- and Tb-mediated longevity remains incomplete and should be explored in future research.

Research highlights▶ Low Tb improves health and longevity either synergistically or independently of CR. ▶ Rate of ageing may be pre-programmed by environmental influences during early life. ▶ We examine how CR and low Tb increase lifespan and model their effector mechanisms. ▶ Based on current data, low Tb isolates specific CR effects on health and longevity.