Evolutionary aspects of intestinal bicarbonate secretion in fish

Experiments compared intestinal HCO3− secretion in the intestine of marine teleost Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, to representatives of early chondrostean and chondrichthyan fishes, the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii, and white-spotted bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium plagiosum, respectively. As seen in marine teleosts, luminal HCO3− concentrations were 10-fold plasma levels in all species when exposed to hyperosmotic conditions. While intestinal water absorption left Mg2+ and SO42− concentrated in intestinal fluids up to four-fold ambient seawater concentrations, HCO3− was concentrated up to 50 times ambient levels as a result of intestinal HCO3− secretion. Reduced luminal Cl− concentrations in the intestine of all species suggest that HCO3− secretion also occurs via Cl−/HCO3− exchange in chondrostean and chondrichthyan fishes. Sturgeon began precipitating carbonates from the gut after only 3 days at 14‰, a mechanism utilized by marine teleosts to reduce intestinal fluid osmolality and maintain calcium homeostasis. Analysis of published intestinal fluid composition in the cyclostome Lampetra fluviatilis reveals that this species likely also utilize intestinal HCO3− secretion for osmoregulation. Analysis of existing cyclostome data and our results indicate that intestinal Cl−/HCO3− exchange plays an integral role in maintaining hydromineral balance not only in teleosts, but in all fish (and perhaps other animals) with a need to drink seawater.