Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats: Possible role of P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibition by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats.MethodsWe determined the pharmacokinetic parameters of nifedipine and dehydronifedipine in rats after oral and intravenous administration of nifedipine without and with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.We evaluated the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4.ResultsAtorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 activities; inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 47.0, 5.2, 15.0 and 3.3 μM, respectively. Simvastatin and fluvastatin increased the cellular uptake of rhodamine-123.The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of oral nifedipine were significantly increased by fluvastatin and simvastatin, respectively, compared to control group. The total body clearance (CL/F) of nifedipine after oral administration with fluvastatin and simvastatin were significantly decreased compared to those of control. The metabolite–parent AUC ratio (MR) of nifedipine with fluvastatin and simvastatin were significantly decreased, which suggested that fluvastatin and simvastatin inhibited metabolism of nifedipine, respectively. The AUC0–∞ of intravenouse nifedipine with fluvastatin and simvastatin was significantly higher than that of the control group.ConclusionThe increased bioavailability of nifedipine may be mainly due to inhibition of both P-gp in the small intestine and CYP3A subfamily-mediated metabolism of nifedipine in the small intestine and/or in the liver and to the reduction of the CL/F of nifedipine by fluvastatin and simvastatin.